91AV原创 gender problem is not getting women into the workforce. It is what happens when they step out — to have a child, care for a family or simply take a break — and discover that the door back in has narrowed.

That is the problem global gender rankings tend to obscure. Japan has brought more women into work and has one of the world’s most highly educated female populations. But its labor market still makes it difficult to return to the regular career track after a pause — and the penalty can last for years.

When I recently researched job listings on Hello Work, the public employment service, one pattern kept recurring. White-collar posts advertise monthly salaries that look reasonable until the fine print reveals that a sizable share is fixed overtime pay, a flat allowance covering a set number of overtime hours each month.